Phish

LIKE the Grateful Dead before them, Phish has established an impressive reputation of tireless touring, dazzling improvisation, and innovative rock and roll. And with the demise of the Dead following the death of Jerry Garcia, the Vermont-based quartet is the reigning "jam" band in the land, boasting one of the most devoted followings in all of rock.

Assembled on the University of Vermont's Redstone campus by guitarists Trey Anastasio III and Jeff Holdsworth in 1983, Phish had ambitious musical intentions from the start. Anastasio had gained extensive experience in high school with two bands, Red Tide and Space Antelope; the latter included a friend named Steve Pollack (who remains a Phish crony and is now known to fans as the "Dude of Life"). Intent on pursuing a complicated, improvisational musical style, Holdsworth and Anastasio recruited talented, self-taught freshman drummer Jon Fishman and formally trained bass player Mike Gordon.

The band's first gig took place at an R.O.T.C. dance, though both their song selection and their wardrobe were laughably out of step with the crowd, and they were quickly replaced by a radio. In time, the band graduated to playing club dates in their hometown of Burlington. In 1984, they added percussionist Marc Daubert, but he left a year or so later, making room for keyboardist Page McConnell.

In 1985, McConnell convinced Fishman and Anastasio to leave U.V.M. for the more liberal Godard College, where they continued their studies and refined their challenging sound. They continued as a five-piece until Holdsworth left in 1986 (he reportedly found God), leaving a hole in the second-guitar slot that pushed Anastasio's playing to new prominence. In 1988, Phish recorded and self-released their first album, Junta, to sell at their concerts. The next year, they wrote and recorded a second album, Lawn Boy, for Rough Trade affiliate Absolute à Go Go Records, but Rough Trade went bankrupt prior to the album's release and the band couldn't afford to put it out themselves. While making records was a struggle for the group, playing gigs was not. In 1991, Phish became the first band without a recording contract ever to sell out two consecutive nights at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco. In light of that achievement, Elektra signed the outfit, released their third album, Picture of Nectar, and re-issued both Junta and Lawn Boy. Phish's career was now in full swing.

It didn't take long for Phish to develop a dual reputation: one as a stunning live act, the other as a mediocre band on record. In 1992, they joined the nascent H.O.R.D.E. tour organized by fellow jam band Blues Traveler, and solidified their onstage standing, even performing one memorable night with Carlos Santana. The following year, the band released a more cohesive, but still diffuse record in Rift, which was met by indifferent reviews. Still, their audience was growing. Phish sold out sports arenas like Madison Square Garden and the Worcester Centrum with relative ease, yet, like the Grateful Dead before them, album sales did not reflect the band's popularity. In 1994, Phish tried to make an "accessible" album in Hoist, and even accompanied it with a video ("Down With Disease"), their first. Fans of the band cried "sellout" while MTV said "no thanks."

Back on the road, all was forgiven as Phish mounted two highly successful tours in 1994. Part of the reason for the fanatical devotion of its fans is another cue taken from the Grateful Dead: Phish condones audience taping of their concerts. With the group varying set lists wildly from night to night, fans are enticed to see multiple shows and to trade tapes of one concert for another. One particular 1994 gig had Phish collectors scrambling for such recordings: on Halloween night in Glens Falls, New York, Phish performed the Beatles' White Album in its entirety. Thus began a tradition of Halloween night cover albums (or musical costumes, as the band calls them) that has continued ever since. In 1995, the group played the whole of the Who's Quadrophenia in Chicago, and in Atlanta a year later, the Talking Heads' Remain in Light was covered.

After taking five well-deserved months off at the start of 1995, Phish issued A Live One that summer, a two-CD live album culled from the previous year's tour. The ensuing trek set an all-time record for Phish ticket sales, grossing over $27 million. Guitarist Anastasio also released a solo project, Surrender to the Air, an entirely improvised performance featuring some impressive players, including members of Sun Ra's band and ace New York session guitarist Marc Ribot.

In 1996, Phish finally released an album that met expectations, Billy Breathes. Critics praised its creativity, as the record merged Phish's eclectic influences with accessible pop smarts. It remains to be seen whether Billy Breathes will change the band's less-than-desirable sales track record, but never let it be said that Phish doesn't have friends in high places. In early 1997, ice cream mavens Ben & Jerry honored the group with its own flavor, Phish Food, a tantalizing combination of milk-chocolate ice cream, caramel, marshmallow swirls, and fish-shaped dark-chocolate chips. The band donates its portion of the ice cream's sales to the WaterWheel foundation, a non-profit organization responsible for the clean up effort at Lake Champlain in Vermont.

Not surprisingly, Phish spent much of 1997 on the road, increasing its already significant cache of adoring fans. In addition to a Lake Champlain benefit concert in March, the band toured Europe and North America over the summer, finishing with a two-day blowout at Limestone, Maine—an event that attracted 60-70,000 fans and pumped a whopping $25 million into the local economy. After taking a couple of months off, the jam band returned to performing in November with an appearance on Late Night With Conan O'Brien and a tour that kept it on the road until the end of the year, ending with a New Year's Eve concert at New York's Madison Square Garden.

Four months later, Phish was back to doing what it does best: touring. A few East Coast dates in early April warmed them up for their annual summer tour of Europe and North America, capped by the 60,000-Phishhead-strong Lemonwheel extravaganza in mid-August. The lads then had a couple of months to gear up for the October release of their latest album, The Story of the Ghost.

In fact, October turned out to be a busy month for the extended jam band. In keeping with its charitable philosophy, Phish played two benefit shows in October: Willie Nelson's Farm Aid (featuring John Mellencamp, Hootie & the Blowfish, Wilco, and more) in Tinley Park, Ill., on Oct. 3; and Neil Young's annual Bridge School benefit (with R.E.M., Sarah McLachlan, and Barenaked Ladies, among others) on Oct. 17-18 in Mountain View, Ca. The night of the new album's release on Oct. 27, the band appeared on Late Night with David Letterman. Phish's fall tour kicked off Oct. 29 at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles, and a after a year off, a Halloween night gig in Las Vegas saw the band once again donning a musical costume, the Velvet Underground's Loaded. But an even bigger surprise came two nights later in West Valley, Utah, when Phish went to the costume closet again and pulled out Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety in the second set. The night closed on an even stranger note, with a first-time cover of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Phish will wrap 1998 in traditional fashion with a four-night stand at Madison Square Garden, culminating in what is sure to be yet another special set list on New Year's Eve.

During the early '90s, Phish emerged as heir to the Grateful Dead's throne. Although their music was somewhat similar to the Dead's sound -- an eclectic, free-form rock & roll encompassing elements of folk, jazz, country, bluegrass, and pop -- the group adhered more to jazz-derived improvisation than folk tradition. Moreover, they also sported a looser, goofier attitude (after all, their drummer regularly played a vacuum during their concerts). However, Phish's main claim as the inheritors to the Dead's legacy was their approach to their musical career. The band didn't concentrate on albums; instead, they dedicated themselves to live improvisation. Within a few years of their 1988 debut, Phish had become an institution in certain sections of America, particularly college campuses. While their in-concert popularity didn't necessarily translate to huge record sales (their biggest-selling albums usually halted at gold status, which the notable exceptions of Junta and A Live One), Phish's members were still the de facto leaders of the neo-hippie jam band movement.

Guitarist/vocalist Trey Anastasio, drummer Jon Fishman, and guitarist Jeff Holdsworth formed the band in late 1983 while attending the University of Vermont. After meeting and jamming in their dormitory, the trio posted flyers across campus to recruit a bassist. Mike Gordon answered the advertisement and he was soon added to the original lineup. Phish began practicing regularly and soon assembled a demo tape; by the fall of 1984, they'd also begun performing off-campus concerts. At this stage in their career, the band was augmented by percussionist Marc Daubert and, occasionally, a vocalist called the Dude of Life. Keyboardist Page McConnell soon joined the group, too, having previously booked Phish to play Goddard College's Springfest in 1985. Shortly after McConnell's arrival, Holdsworth left the group, and both Anastasio and Fishman transferred to Goddard College during the fall of 1986.

Early in 1988, Phish recorded the debut album Junta, which they sold as a cassette-only release at local shows. The group played their first tour outside of New England the following year, traveling through the Southeast. Phish also recorded another album, Lawn Boy, in 1989, although the album wasn't released until the fall of 1990 (when it was issued by the independent label Absolute A-Go-Go, a subsidiary of Rough Trade). Throughout early 1991, Phish toured America; during the summer, they recorded their third album, as well as a set of sessions with their old friend, the Dude of Life.

Rough Trade collapsed that August, taking Absolute A-Go-Go with it. Phish was left without a record contract, but they were soon signed by Elektra, which released A Picture of Nectar in February 1992. The group then embarked on an extensive national tour to support the album, including a handful of shows on the H.O.R.D.E. tour. That same summer, Elektra reissued Lawn Boy and Junta, which gave fans greater access to the band's early material. Rift, Phish's fourth album (and the first they recorded with a producer), appeared in February of 1993. During Phish's 1993 tour, the group sold tickets specifically designed for those fans who were taping the concert, a major gesture of goodwill. Hoist, the band's fifth album, was released in 1994; one of its songs, "Down with Disease," became the band's first video and received some airplay on MTV. Hoist sold better than the group's previous albums, which was an indication of how large the group's fan base had become. Crimes of the Mind, the album Phish had originally recorded with the Dude of Life in 1991, was released on Elektra Records before the year's end.

In the summer of 1995, the band released the double live album A Live One, which attempted to definitively capture the Phish concert experience. 1996 saw two additional releases -- one of them a Trey Anastasio solo project (a free-form jazz side project called Surrender to the Air), and the other a full-fledged Phish album entitled Billy Breathes. Produced by Steve Lillywhite, Billy Breathes garnered the group's best reviews yet. Slip, Stitch & Pass, the band's second live LP, followed in 1997, and Phish continued their prolific output in 1998 with the studio effort Story of the Ghost. Hampton Comes Alive, a six-disc release that captured four full live sets over the course of two performances, appeared in late 1999 and went gold, a testament to Phish's rabid following.

Phish's popularity only grew during the latter half of the '90s, as their ceaseless touring had helped make them one of the top concert draws in the nation. In the spring of 2000, Phish delivered the pastoral studio effort Farmhouse, which was hailed as one of their finest and tightest releases to date; they also landed some mainstream exposure thanks to the single "Heavy Things." However, exhausted by touring and separation from their families, Phish decided to take an extended break, announcing a temporary breakup in October 2000. One month later, Elektra reissued The Siket Disc, which was previously available only through mail order; it featured improvisational tracks from the band's 1997 Story of the Ghost sessions.

Each member branched out into different directions during this period. Anastasio released a series of demos before hooking up with Primus bassist Les Claypool and former Police drummer Stewart Copeland for the bizarre Oysterhead project. He also released an eponymous solo album during the spring of 2002. Jonathan Fishman worked with his own side project, Pork Tornado, as well as the touring jazz combo Jazz Mandolin Project. Page McConnell released the first recordings from his other band, Vida Blue, and contributed keyboards to Tenacious D's first record. Mike Gordon, meanwhile, did some work with friend and former employer Col. Bruce Hampton; he also dabbled in film work, both in front of and behind the camera. Finally, both Gordon and McConnell worked on Gov't Mule's The Deep End, Vol. 1.

As for the band, Phish was more a part of American culture than ever before, and they made an appearance on The Simpsons before releasing a massive set of live albums (as well as a DVD) during the spring of 2002. By the end of the year, the group bowed to pressure and announced that they would begin to play live dates again, starting at the end of December. Touring soon commenced and continued for a year and a half; however, following the release of Undermind, the group decided to officially call it quits in the summer of 2004. Of course, this didn't mean that more albums couldn't be released, as a slew of posthumous releases kept the band's spirit alive while maintaining the demand for Phish's reunion. 2005 saw the release of a 1995 New Year's Eve concert at Madison Square Garden, 2006 witnessed another live album with Live in Brooklyn, and 2008 brought about the mammoth At the Roxy (Atlanta '93), which compiled eight discs of live concert material. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide